Autonomy
is dangerous
Autonomy as a pedagogical idea has been
around for quite a while. In many ways though it seems that nobody is
interested except perhaps in the academic world and in health care. Teachers,
however, seem to be uninterested or even downright hostile.
I have been working with learner autonomy
for about 10 years now, having had the privilege of studying under the tutelage
of Leni Dam. I hold courses on different aspects of teaching for teachers all
over Denmark but if I use the word “autonomy” in a course description I can be
fairly sure that the course will be cancelled due to lack of applicants. Why?
The answer I think is twofold: Autonomy is
dangerous and unattractive.
Teachers, like many modern employees,
experience increasing pressure and attempts at control from many sides.
Teachers were once respected figures in society, but the fact that more and
more of the world’s population now have university degrees means that teachers
no longer have a monopoly on knowledge and learning. In Denmark many adults
have much longer academic educations than teachers and earn a lot more too.
Thus, the traditional figure of authority (the teacher) must now defend his/her
classroom practices as ambitious parents and governments demand that students
achieve more and get top grades. The new school law in Denmark says that
students must now achieve the same level after 9 years of schooling as they
previously achieved after 10 years. Therefore, teachers are regularly asked to
account for their teaching results and to prove that they are fulfilling their
obligations.
In such a contentious environment, autonomy
is downright dangerous. If a teacher sticks to the textbook, starting on page
one and finishing just before the end of the year, he/she can say:
“See, we
finished the appropriate textbook for this class, I have done what I was supposed
to do. If your child has not learnt, it is not my fault. We read all the pages
and did all the exercises. He should pay more attention and make a better
effort next time.”
An autonomous teacher on the other hand is
wide open to attack. If things go wrong parents will say: “It was your job to teach the students, not to give them freedom to fail.” The autonomous
teacher allows the students to take responsibility for their learning but
simultaneously ends up with far more responsibility. The autonomous teacher
ends up with responsibility for not just “8b” but for each of the 26 students in
8b with their different projects, work rates, partner choices, etc. And the
autonomous teacher seldom has just one class. In my own case, I had eleven
classes last year. That is an awful lot of individual development programmes
that I have to keep track of. This is what makes autonomy dangerous. The risk
of dropping one of the many balls (students) you have in the air is
considerable.
Autonomy is also quite unattractive for
many teachers. Most people who become teachers were inspired by talented
teachers that they had. They want to be just like them. Then there is the power
of the traditional teacher, because while respect for teachers in society may
be declining, generally the teacher still has power and authority in his/her
classroom. The teacher is the one who makes the rules and enforces them too. In
an autonomous classroom one has a much more democratic set-up. That means loss
of power and – let’s face it – having power is attractive. It makes life easier
not having to negotiate and compromise all the time.
Life is also easier for a teacher with a
textbook. If I may be provocative – the teacher does not even have to think.
The whole year’s work is planned for him/her with workbooks, CDs, teacher’s
manuals, etc. In the autonomous classroom on the other hand, he/she has to be
very much aware of what each student is working with, what progress the
individual students are making, and whether the individual students on their
individual paths are following the road to fulfilling the requirements of the
national curriculum.
So what can those of us who believe in
autonomy do better to spread the word? I don’t know for sure, but I do have
ideas and in the next issue of of Independence I will tell about a six-month
project that I conducted with a school last year. In the meantime, Richard
Smith’s article in the last number of Independence, where he talks about
gathering data from scientific studies to prove that autonomy works, is an
essential starting point. We need hard quantitative proof that autonomy works.
Otherwise we shall never convince teachers in serious numbers to change to
autonomy.
Frank Lacey 2014 Denmark