Autonomy, never, never, never!
Once upon
a time it was my firm conviction that it was the teacher's responsibility to
teach and that ideas of giving students responsibility for their learning were
at worst a refusal to take responsibility and at best naïve nonsense.
I, the
teacher, was paid to do a job. I had a responsibility. In addition, I loved
teaching and enjoyed the interaction with my students. These same students
scored extremely high results year after year in state controlled exams, and I
as a teacher had a very good reputation among both students and parents. My
teacher controlled classroom with a teacher controlled curriculum worked.
Tampering with this successful model would be foolish, but I did.
It was,
however, not a case of Saul on the road to Damascus, a sudden change of practice upon
seeing the light but rather a long and very painful process which took over
three years. Like any teacher worth his salt, being a teacher is an integral
part of how I define myself as a person. Thus, these 3+ years were full not
only of hard study but also existential considerations. What was I doing? I,
who had a reputation of being a strong teacher in control of my classes, was
flirting with the idea of autonomy. An idea which, it appeared, was
diametrically opposed to everything I stood for.
Leni Dam
Leni Dam did
it! She held a short course at my school extolling the virtues of autonomy. In
the discussions I vehemently opposed the arguments she put forward (insisting
that the teacher must take responsibility etc.). Leni countered with examples
of work which her students had produced, especially logbooks. These were
impressive but… After the course I was not finished arguing and continued
discussing the matter with Leni. She suggested that I should test my arguments academically
by joining a post teacher training course (a pedagogical diploma course in
foreign language teaching). This I took as a challenge and being convinced that
my convictions were right I decided to prove it.
I started
in September 2004. Leni was the course coordinator and main lecturer. The first
weeks were frustrating. Nothing happened. Where was the teaching? We the
participants discussed various issues. We had some interesting and fun
discussions but when was Leni going to start teaching us? And the exams were
looming! I had to do something, otherwise I would fail. I embarked upon a
course of studies with focus on my own teaching. I conducted experiments in my
classrooms, had students fill out questionnaires and filmed my teaching. I took
control of my learning and with horror realised that I myself had become an
autonomous learner!
But it is
hard to teach an old dog new tricks. After the first module of 6 months I did
give my students greater influence and had more cooperative elements than
before but if I am honest it took all six modules before I took the final steps
to introducing autonomy in my classrooms.
After
nearly three years of patient coaching and tentative experiments I took the
final steps in February 2007 introducing autonomy and logbooks in two (out of five)
classes. I maintained a teacher logbook which in retrospect is at times almost
amusing.
Teacher's logbook
The
teacher's logbook illustrates some of the challenges faced when embarking upon
autonomy. At the beginning I was very sceptical of the benefit and feasibility
of using for example logbooks. On 14 February in my teacher logbook I write "I truly do not believe that logbooks
make sense."
On
Thursday 1 March I express fears that the students cannot manage without me:
"Worry 1! If we take a book like
"Hooligans" (a 70 page book which I previously read as a class novel,
with the students reading a chapter at home, which we then discussed the
following day) there is so much in that book that is between the lines and won't
be understood by the kids unless it is brought to their attention.
Worry 2! Will the class maintain their progress
without my dynamism? Small group work is not conducive to my group jokes and
loud voice and big arm movements."
The fear
of losing control after years of being in control, and of being respected for
exactly that reason, was not inconsiderable. I had read Dam (1995a) and Little (1991) who discuss the problems
teachers face when giving control to their learners, but when I actually took the step to introduce autonomy the feeling
of losing control was daunting. Previously
I would sometimes have lessons where the students were not very active or were
poorly prepared. Now I experienced chaotic situations which I felt were a stain
on my professionalism. "5 March oh dear! 2 periods with 7b followed by
two periods with 7a. 'Chaos', 'confusion' were the words that spring to mind.
Kids dreaming up nonsense projects and me saying why? and how? and what
results? Kids wanting everything from grammar books, to cardboard, to video
cameras." At first I was very stressed and hit by what Dam calls the
"octopus syndrome". I was everywhere at once, scaffolding weak
students, while at the same time trying to find cardboard, books and video
cameras and trying to make sure that everybody looked like they were working.
It takes time to get used to the idea that they are in control of their
learning.
It was
difficult for the students to come to terms with their newfound freedom and at
times there were lessons which were near anarchy, "10 April,
Easter holidays finished. 7b wow what a lot of crap. Unmotivated students…
I had the impression that they wanted me to take responsibility and my task was
to send responsibility back to them… this they didn't like. I corrected 4 logbooks
(Judy H', Kathy, Eli and Natalie) they were to put it mildly not impressive.
These kids are not working and I end up controlling by saying that I am not
satisfied.. so we revert to the earlier situation where it is the teacher who controls…
oh dear!" This illustrates the teacher's dilemma in the autonomous
class. On the one hand giving control to the students, but nevertheless as the
teacher still having responsibility to ensure that they are learning. In other
words, when is it appropriate to intervene?
There are many moments of doubt and uncertainty.
On 7 May 2007 I wrote in my logbook, "7b
were a pain … very little activity. Basically 2 periods of whinging. Only Dave,
Niall and Dan seemed to be doing anything.
7a were more active
not wildly so but a lot better than 7b.
Emanuel no work done since last Monday – that's
one week! I am doubting the wisdom of autonomy after such a terrible class."
In such
situations it is important to have somebody to talk to. In my case my wife: "I talked to Heidi... Talked about the
problems I would face if I introduced autonomy into my German classes. It is
difficult in English, where the kids are quite capable but in German where they
linguistically are much more handicapped it would be impossible….but Heidi
pointed to the success that Aine has experienced and none of my German learners
are as weak as she was… mmmhhh interesting… maybe it would work in
German." (Aine is a particularly interesting student, she is extremely
weak, and despite four years of English teaching she is weaker than most
beginners. Aine spoke her first self-initiated English sentence in the fourth
week of this experiment. Aine’s logbook is basically the first understandable
written English that she has ever produced. On 27 March she produced one of many
faultless and impressive sentences: "I
am working quite well and I am happy with the results, I have got."
And on 30 March: "I read books and
talk engesk quite well and talk with people and communicate". The
books were books intended for the 5th class, but so what? For the first time in
years, Aine was at ease in English classes, because she could choose. On 30
April she writes: "I fink this is a
good and I can talk engelsh and a can see at I can talk engelsk with people and
can a little it ….. (understand) engelsk. I learn engelsk and I is very happy
because I hav learn engelsk and I am a happy because I learn engelssk." She
could of course be writing this to please her teacher , but previously, English
was the subject that Aine liked the least. Now she is having success and
benefiting from peer scaffolding.)
Autonomy
means listening to the students and after the afore-mentioned unpleasant
experience (7 may 2007), in accordance with Deci's recommendations (1995), I
avoided diagnosing but asked the students what we should do. "8 May talked
to 7b about my frustration they said their problem was that it was "embarrassing
to speak English and that there were things they couldn’t say." We talked
about the problem, agreed that we have to work on supporting each other and
then had a super English lesson."
In
addition, a lurking threat was that a discontented parent might phone to
complain about their child's lack of learning (the school is a private school
and the parents are very active and parents regularly phone) and I would be in
the position that I would have to admit that I didn't know what their child was
doing! I would have to admit that I, the teacher, was not in control of my
class. Again, received wisdom tells us that good teachers are in control of their
classes and bad teachers are not. Would ordinary parents understand the
paradigm change I was trying to introduce? And all the time there were the
nagging questions – am I doing well enough? Should I not be more in touch with
what each group is doing? True, their logbooks were a detailed recording of
their work but I didn't have them home with me all the time. Mentally, the
process was very taxing. Whereas before I had two classes to prepare for and
two classes to relate to, not to mention the other classes that I teach, I now
had 36 students in different constellations going in very different directions
that I had to juggle in my head. But as the
teacher logbook illustrated there was in contrast to my fears, parental support
for the changes I had introduced, "8 March, parent teacher meeting,
Parents liked the extreme degree of "student differentiation" and the
fact that kids spoke and wrote large amounts of English."
Autonomy yes, yes, yes
After five
exhausting autonomous months (and three years of post graduate studies) I was
converted. And yes it is somewhat humiliating after vociferously opposing all
things autonomous, but therefore all the more thorough. Below are some of the
reasons that I decided to choose autonomy.
School knowledge becomes action knowledge
(Barnes)
Judy H was the most vociferous
opponent of logbooks, but then was the student who has written most in her
logbook (!). She showed several examples of bridging the gap between school
knowledge and action knowledge. On 15 March she writes: "Today I'm sick again, and saw … Harry Potter with no subtitles
and I understand it." She had previously explained that she couldn't
understand a film unless she read the subtitles and therefore didn't listen to
the language. It is the very fact that she had a logbook and had accepted that
her learning was autonomous that enabled her to take this initiative.
On 24 April she explained: "I talk English to training (we have two girls at badminton
training..they come from another land) and I talk English my self, when I am
alone”.
Judy H is
a feisty girl who wants to decide and therefore often ends up in conflicts with
teachers. Now she avoids these conflicts, as she is given the opportunity to
choose, and she is now working harder and learning more than ever before.
Cathy
started her logbook (28 February) by writing on the first page: "I don't know ..I would like to talk
English without feeling stupid." Five weeks later she used one of her
days (4 April) during the Easter holidays to speak English with her dad. She
explained further: "I'm talking
English at home and I write english letters to a penfriend. I want to be better
at expressing myself." And on 14 April: "I have also been chatting on Arto.com which is the English
edition of Arto.dk." She continues on the 17 April "I have been chatting on arto.com for
about an hour and a half … it's a fun way of working.. I want to know how young
people talk to each other.." This is yet another example of the use of
autonomy and logbooks leading to an awareness that language learning is not
limited to the classroom but that she is clearing bridging the gap between
school learning and action learning. Cathy also very clearly is using
metacognitive skills to evaluate her learning and to choose learning styles. On
23 April she writes: "In the latest
weeks I think I have improve my English writing. And im a bit proud of
myself." This is an impressive display of independence for a
13-year-old. She can evaluate her learning and praise herself. At the same time
as she's doing all of these things, she is peer scaffolding the weakest student
(Aine).
Idel
writes on 11 April: "We have to get
started again after the holIdely. I have been using English in my holIdely,
with my best friend Therese. It was only for fun, we almost talked english all
day J”.
Katrina
explained on 13 April that she had now changed the language on her mobile phone
to English. "Four days ago I took my
mobile on english so I could learn some new words but I could almost all the
words, so I now is my mobile on Deutch so I can learn more Deutch."
Here we have a student who is taking responsibility for her learning. She then
evaluates the results and chooses a more appropriate course.
Similarly,
Mehmet writes that on Easter Sunday he watched an English film and he then
writes half a page about the film in his logbook. Previously, he would only
have done this if it had been a homework assignment. Now, however, he is giving
himself homework! On 23 April he writes: "Today
I also have been loke (looking) at Idel's logbook and she wirting (writes) at a
special way an I was think can we write on tha way. Yes said Frank and sow I
thinkes what a intresent way to wirte logbook an sow I will try to wirte on the
same." Here, Mehmet is evaluating his (and Idel's) work and following
his evaluation decides on how best to proceed.
Nico on 21
April: "I have been chatting on an
online football game called hattrick. I have improved my communication skills
when I have written with people from other countries on English…." On
23 April: "We have learnt a few new
words 'benefit', 'accomodation' and 'tribe'. We are both getting better (Nico
and Pete) at reading and understanding texts because if there is a word I don't
understand he does and if he doesn't I do." Here, Nico demonstrates
useful cooperative learning skills, scaffolding and metacognitive skills and is
also going beyond school English to "action English".
When I
collected the logbooks at the beginning of May and said that I would give them
new logbooks, because I wanted to use the old ones when writing my report, many
students were upset… "I couldn't just take their logbooks!" They had
established a "relationship" with them, somewhat like people do with
a diary.
Autonomy and logbooks - two sides of the same
coin
Something
which became apparent during the course of my studies was the fact that
logbooks and autonomy are two sides of the same coin. The only way that a responsible teacher can change to autonomy is
with logbooks. These allow the teacher to monitor (not control) student learning.
Without logbooks it would be impossible to provide the necessary scaffolding,
as the teacher would be removed from the student's learning process. Likewise
logbooks without autonomy don’t make sense. The whole point of logbooks, as
experienced in this study, is that they are not only documentation but also
communication. This communication only achieves authenticity when the students
are working autonomously, since this means that they have knowledge about what
they are working with that the teacher does not share. Thus, the logbooks have
important information for the teacher. English and the use of English becomes
authentic – not just a school subject, but a part of their real lives.
The
challenges involved in introducing logbooks were less than anticipated. The
students seemed to easily accept the logic that if they were to take
responsibility for their learning then they had to be able to document their
work.
Little
(1999) says that the use of writing is also supportive of oral communication.
In my study the students’ logbooks created a basis for the discussions that
took place in the classroom. Logbooks and their intrusion into their private
world encourage the learners to see that their English learning is not limited
to the classroom, thus enabling them to bridge the gap between school knowledge
and action knowledge. Some of my students increased 10-fold the time they spend
learning English. And with weaker students, it has allowed them to work with
tasks that support their learning. For example, previously I made a special
effort to find simpler tasks for a very weak student (Aine 7a). In this way,
she was not part of the class, on the contrary she was demonstratively
excluded. Now, however she like every other student is involved in solving her
self-chosen tasks and has thus become part of the class.
Paradoxes in autonomy
An
advantage of which I was unaware when I started, was the incredibly detailed
insight into the academic performance of each and every child that logbooks
give. The industrious student can clearly demonstrate his/her diligence, but
the student who is not making an effort clearly demonstrates his/her lack of
effort. I believe that there are some interesting paradoxes in autonomy:
|
Autonomy
means me giving control to students.
|
but
|
Logbooks
give me more control/insight than I have ever had before.
|
|
The
class unity is lost in the many small groups.
|
but
|
Weak
students are, just like strong students, working on their self-assigned
tasks, and thus are no longer segregated in the class, but are part of the
class.
|
|
The
teacher has no preparation
|
but
|
The
teacher is extremely busy scaffolding individuals and groups
|
|
The
students have responsibility for their learning
|
but
|
Through
scaffolding, the teacher takes more responsibility than in a traditional
class
|
Changes in teacher learner roles
The
introduction of autonomy leads to very definite changes in teacher/learner
roles. The most important change is that focus is moved from teaching to
learning. The students achieve ownership of their learning. The teacher no
longer knows all the answers, meaning that communication in the FL classroom
becomes authentic and the language becomes the means as well as the goal. The
degree of educational differentiation is enormous compared to traditional teacher-controlled
lessons. The teacher must ensure scaffolding but is not alone in this
responsibility. The willingness of students to accept responsibility for their
learning and the amount of peer scaffolding which I have experienced is
impressive. Another alteration in the teacher/learner role is that it is no
longer the teacher who has all responsibility for evaluation of dissatisfactory
work. The fact that the students accept responsibility for evaluating their
work removes a point of conflict that is common in the traditional classroom,
where students can see the teacher as an opponent, who "gives" them
bad grades. In the autonomous class teacher and learner are on the same side,
exploring the FL world together.
Now six
months later all five of my classes (both German and English) are working
autonomously. All my students maintain logbooks which are written in the target
language.
I have for
the past three years had a homepage which I have used to communicate with
students and parents and as a display window for students' work. This has now
been extended to include a class logbook where students document what they are
working on. Thus, students by accessing the class logbook (which is usually
displayed via projector in every lesson) can inspire each other, and sceptical
parents can see that the teacher has by no means abdicated but is fully up to
date with what each and every student is doing. This solves the problem I
mention under Teacher logbooks about
not being completely up to date on what each student is doing.
Introducing
autonomy was a painful process and despite my enthusiasm I am sure that I would
not have completed the transition from teacher controlled teaching to autonomy
if it had not been for the structure that the diploma course offered and the unfailing
encouragement of Leni Dam.
The result
My bright
students have taken off. In one class of 14 year olds one student is reading A
Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy by Douglas Adams and another is on the second
book in the trilogy Northern Lights by Philip Pullman. At the same time, weaker
students are freed from the terror of language classes where their inadequacies
are cruelly exposed.
All in all,
our language classes have changed from being a spectator sport to a
participator sport.
Frank Lacey
Bibliography
Dam, L.
(1995a) Autonomy from Theory to Classroom
Practice. Dublin: Authentik.
Deci, E. (1995) Why We Do What We Do: Understanding Self-Motivation (the Dynamics of
Personal Autonomy). London:
Penguin Books.
Little, D.
(1991) Learner Autonomy Definitions, Issues and Problems. Dublin:
Authentik.
Little, D. (1999b) “Metalinguistic
Awareness: the Cornerstone of Learner Autonomy”. In Missler, B., Multhaup, U.
(eds.) The Construction of Knowledge,
Learner Autonomy and Related Issues in Foreign Language Learning Essays in Honour of Dieter Wolff. Tübingen:
Stauffenburg-Verlag, pp.3-12.
